Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences

The purpose of this scholarly paper is to provide key ideas for managing elementary education in the 21^st century. The 21^st century alliance offers a framework for 21st-century learning that includes knowledge and critical abilities that must be cultivated in both current and future learners. Students must learn in a variety of basic disciplines to acquire information, understanding, and skills that can be used in real life, have knowledge of key 21^st-century concepts, and develop and put their research and creative talents to work. In order to succeed and reach their objectives, the organizations in charge of delivering education must concentrate on teaching students 21^st century abilities, in terms of essential topics, crucial ideas, crucial abilities, and necessary support structures for 21^st century education. Today’s learning of the subject matter (content) should be self-discovery, with teachers guiding and designing activities that allow individual students to assess their own learning progress. Skills for living in the 21^st century contain subjects that are important but not sufficient for learning for living in the 21^st century. This core subject will result in the development of a conceptual framework and significant strategies for learning management in interdisciplinary content. Core subjects include mother tongue and major world languages, arts, mathematics, government and civics, economics, science, geography, and history. Incorporating 21^st-century abilities into all core courses while fostering knowledge in core subjects is interdisciplinary research or a research theme for the 21st century.

Keywords: concepts, principles, primary education management, 21^st century.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.61.67

This research examines the relationship between the ethnic diversity of the board of directors and corporate tax-avoidance behavior using a quantitative approach. This research examined 126 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2017–2021 observation years. The Blau index measures the ethnic diversity of the board of directors. In contrast, corporate tax avoidance is measured by cash-effective tax rate, book-tax difference, and effective tax rate proxies. The documents used in collecting ethnic diversity data include the company’s annual report, director’s curriculum vitae, video recordings, audio recordings, photo recordings, and writing recordings. The research was conducted using the STATA application. The results showed that the interaction of ethnically diverse boards of directors did not influence tax-avoidance behavior. However, the research found a significant link between ethnicity and tax avoidance when boards of directors did not interact with each other. This finding provides new knowledge and insight into the field of taxation for regulators investigating cases of tax-avoidance developments.

Keywords: tax avoidance, ethnicity, board of directors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.61.66

Narcissism is a common form of self-importance. Individuals appreciate a high degree of life satisfaction if their life circumstances agree with their own standards. This study was conducted to understand the factors affecting the life satisfaction of Gen Z individuals through narcissism, self-esteem, and symptoms of social network addiction. The research model and hypotheses were tested using the PLS-SEM technique with SmartPLS 4. The dataset was collected in 2023 with 306 respondents. The results show that narcissism has an indirect impact on the life satisfaction of Gen Z individuals through self-esteem and social media addiction. More specifically, the symptoms of social media addiction had a negative impact on Gen Z’s life satisfaction. Based on the analysis results, this study proposes several options to improve the satisfaction of Gen Z and Gen Z management implications.

Keywords: narcissism, social media addiction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, Gen Z.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.61.65

This study discusses the problem of the accuracy of the single- and multi-index models to form a stock investment portfolio. This study aims to reveal information related to the accuracy of the single- and multi-index models to form an optimal stock investment portfolio after the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The results of the analysis can be used to choose which model is more accurate to form an optimal stock portfolio that can provide returns for investors. This research is devoted to determining the optimal stock portfolio using the single- and multi-index models. The data were collected from stocks included in the LQ45 list for February-July 2022 with 5980 observations consisting of 115 market returns, 1150 industrial sector returns, and 4715 individual stock returns. The analytical method used was regression analysis to predict the expected returns from single- and multi-index models, standard deviation of residuals, and Wilcoxon's differential signed-rank test. The results of the study show that stock investment portfolios based on daily data using the single index model approach and the multi-index model have their respective levels of accuracy with an accuracy rate of 95% (alpha 5%). The main finding is that the multi-index model proved to be more accurate than the single-index model, where the standard deviations of the multi- and single-index models were 0.0215 and 0.0280, respectively.

Keywords: individual stock returns, market returns, multi-index model, single-index model, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.61.64

The traditional market is a center of economic activity for the community. Traditional markets have potential for tourists visiting Yogyakarta as an improvement to the global economy. However, traditional markets need to survive in the era of globalization, and the sustainability of traditional markets must continue to be developed through the promotion and development of tourism in traditional markets. This study aims to determine whether promotion factors, attractive locations, products offered, service and hospitality of traders, and facilities can influence the development of tourism in traditional markets in Yogyakarta and its variables that have a significant effect. The type of research used is quantitative research using survey methods and sampling techniques combined with accidental sampling techniques. The sample in this study consisted of 100 people from traditional market locations: Kota Gede Market, Ngasem Market, Kranggan Market, and Demangan Market. The data analysis methods used in this study are descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses. The data processing was performed using SPSS computer software for Windows.The results showed that the variables of facilities, services, and place greatly influence the improvement of tourism development in Yogyakarta’s traditional markets, while product and promotion variables have no effect. This research shows that promotions, attractive locations, products offered, service and hospitality of traders, and facilities can significantly influence the development of tourism in traditional markets in Yogyakarta. We recommend that traditional market factors be considered and applied to improve global economic development.

Keywords: traditional markets, tourism, economic activities, promotion, management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.61.63